![]() ![]() This approach relies on broadcast protocols in the network such as LLMNR or NBT-NS. Probably the best-known attack scenario is to use Responder and NTLM relay together. (Note: This is important for later.) Attack 1: The Classic SAM Dump SMB to SMB Relay Using Responder and NTLM Relay NetNTLM hashes can only be utilized for relaying attacks or for potential brute-forcing using Hashcat, for example.Īnother pro tip is that NTLMv2 hashes are harder to crack than their NTLMv1 counterpart but not impossible for user accounts! Computer accounts, on the other hand, are not worth your computing power as you won’t crack them in the NetNTLMv2 format. NetNTLM hashes are the result of a challenge and response protocol. Keep in mind that NetNTLMv1 and NetNTLMv2 hashes are not the actual NTLM hashes that can be used for pass-the-hash type attacks. In order to check if prerequisite number one is met, we can use Responder in analyze mode as follows. Later in this blog post, we will also take a look at some other attacks, but let’s focus on the basics first. We must have suitable targets (servers with SMB signing not enforced).Classic examples of this are DNS replacement protocols like Link Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR) and NetBIOS Name Resolution (NBT-NS). There must be broadcast traffic in the environment.In order to succeed with ‘classic’ relaying attacks, some prerequisites must be met: In order to assess the effectiveness of relaying attacks, we will need to learn more about our network environment. Regardless of what your distro of choice is, the following tools will be required to follow along this blog post:Īttack 0: No Attack at all, be Quiet and Just Listen In this blog post, we will be using a Kali machine. We will also need an attacker-controlled machine in the form of a Linux system. Bravoteam\perry – A regular domain user with no special privileges at allĪll these users have the same password of Qwerty123, as this is a lab environment, and they have not had their properties modified in any special way.Bravoteam\spenser – A regular domain user that has local admin privileges on server 1. ![]() Server 2 – Also a Windows Server 2019 without any special configuration.Server 1 – A Windows Server 2019 out of the box, no special configurations have been made.The domain controller – A server 2019 instance with Active Directory Domain Services (needed to become a domain controller) and Active Directory Certificate Services installed (for AD CS abuse avenues in this blog post).Our lab contains three (3) servers in one (1) domain (bravoteam.local) : As a results, I was forced to create the lab offline.eq Unfortunately, AWS does some weird magic in their backend which prevents multicast traffic from hitting Responder. The Lab Setupįor this blogpost, I have created a mini lab in Snap Labs, which will be available alongside this blog post for anyone with an account. While most will be well known techniques, some techniques involving Active Directory Certificate Services might be lesser known. This blog post aims to be a comprehensive resource that will walk through the attack primitives that continue to work today. The earliest, most descriptive relaying blog post I could find dates all the way back to 2017 written by Marcello, better known as byt3bl33d3r:Īt the time of writing this blog post in 2022, (un)surprisingly, relaying is still very much alive. By Jean-Francois Maes in Penetration Testing, Red Team Adversarial Attack Simulation, Security Testing & Analysisįor years now, Internal Penetration Testing teams have been successful in obtaining a foothold or even compromising entire domains through a technique called NTLM relaying. ![]()
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